The History Of Education.

 
With the gradual risk more complex civilian in the river valley of Egypt and Babylonia, knowledge became too complicated to transmit directly from person to person and from generation to generation. To be able to function in complex societies, man needed some way of accumulating, recording, and preserving his cultural heritage. So with the rise of trade, government, and formal religion came the invention of writing, by about 3100 BC.
because firsthand experience in everyday living could not teach such skills as writing and reading, a place devoted exclusively to learning the school appered . and with the school appeared a group of adults specially designated as teachers the scribes of the court and the priests of the temple. The children were either in the vast majority who continued to learn exclusively by an informal apprenticeship or the tiny minority who received formal schooling .
the method of learning was memorization, and the motivation was the fear of harsh physical discipline. On an ancient Egyptian clay tablet discovered by archaeologists, a child had written: "thou didst beat me and knowledge entered my head."

Of the ancient people of the Middle East, the jews were the most insistent that all children regardless of class be educated. In the 1st century AD, the historian Flavius Josephus wrote: "We take most pains of all with the important affair of our whole life." The Jews established elementary schools where boys from about 6 to 13 years of age probably learned rudimentary mathemathics and certainly learned reading and writing . The main concern was the study of the firest five books of the Old Testament the Pentateuch and the precepts of the oral tradition that had grown up around them. At age 13, brighter boys could continue their studies as disiples of a rabbi, the "master" or "teacher". So vital was the concept of instruction for the Jews that the synagogues existed at least as much for education as for workship .